REKODIFIKACE VEŘEJNÉHO STAVEBNÍHO PRÁVA BYLA ODESLÁNA DO POSLANECKÉ SNĚMOVNY PARLAMENTU ČR STRATEGIE REGIONÁLNÍHO ROZVOJE ČR 2021+ PLÁNOVÁNÍ MODRO-ZELENÉ INFRASTRUKTURY S VYUŽITÍM EKOHYDROLOGICKÉHO HODNOCENÍ MIKROSTRUKTUR MĚSTA PLZNĚPlanning the blue-green infrastructure by use of ecohydrological assessment of Pilsen’s micro-structures, by Jan Kopp, Marie Novotná, Jindřich Frajer, Jiří Ježek, Pavel Raška and Martin Dolejš
Although the blue-green infrastructure is a matter widely discussed in several disciplines such as urban planning, landscape architecture, water management, climatology and nature conservation, use of the term itself remains infrequent in Czech contexts and has no unanimous definition. Foreign sources also use compromise terms, such as blue-greengrey infrastructure, hybrid infrastructure and mixed infrastructure, which has to do with the fact that some elements of rainwater management imitate natural processes (e.g. infiltration and evapotranspiration) but, in fact, are implemented as artificial elements in accordance with technical standards.
This example from the city of Pilsen presents a thematic analysis of planning documents related to blue-green infrastructure. As the analysis of Pilsen’s planning documents illustrates, tools for climate change adaptation and efficient use of rainwater are gaining ground and amenity functions of urban water (recreational, social, aesthetic, cultural) are supported in synergy of an ideal city sensitive to water. It is necessary to acknowledge that the objectives and tools of specific levels of water management in cities are cumulated in the course of events, meaning that they can be planned only with a multidisciplinary approach. In this respect, Czech practice is usually at the level of sectoral planning.
As one of the approaches to blue-green infrastructure planning, this article presents a methodology of ecohydrological assessment of urban landscape micro-structures. The categorization of spatial units is based on possible stipulation of several parameters of ecohydrological characteristics for types of elementary areas (e.g. infiltration, evapotranspiration, outflow) and other parameters for functional spatial units called micro-structures (such as typical levels of outflow contamination and climate characteristics). These parameters can be based on the standardization of values, so expressing reference values for regulations, e.g. greenery coefficients such as the Biotope Area Factor for new housing development. At the level of urban landscape micro-structures, water management can be better arranged in decentralized units than in elementary areas.
A model study on the centre of the city of Pilsen has delimited 481 micro-structure units of various types. Besides absolute comparison, ecohydrological classification makes it possible to discern quality of micro-structures of the same type, e.g. in order to identify where improvements are needed in the blocks of Pilsen’s city centre. The maps show different ecohydrological characteristics of street corridors in whole street profile because they are analysed as independent units, separate from the blocks. The accuracy of the classification of micro-structures depends on the quality of input data and can form the basis of plan-based development of blue-green infrastructure.
TEPLOTA VE MĚSTĚ PŘEHLED POUŽÍVANÝCH TERMÍNŮ A JEJICH ROZDÍLYTemperature in the city: an overview of terms and how they differ, by Jan Geletič, Michal Lehnert, Jaroslav Resler and Pavel Krč
As a consequence of climate change, Central Europe is witnessing ever more manifestations of extreme weather. Analyses have evidenced that the number of tropical days is on the increase as well as the number of days with tropical nights. The frequency and intensity of heatwaves is also rising. Extremes of temperature have a negative impact on the environment, quality of life and health of the population, leading to a sharp increase in mortality rates. Among locations threatened by high temperatures, cities are most vulnerable because of high population density and extremes of temperature augmented by the heat island effect.
Growing awareness of the need for climate change adaptation makes this a topical issue for professionals and the media, as well as the inhabitants themselves. Unfortunately, this increased interest has brought with it a lot of imprecise information and mystification, including misuse of terms and expressions about temperature in urban settings. Although professional sources such as a glossary by the Czech Meteorological Society are freely available, many terms are used in a way that promotes confusion, which leads to misinterpretation by the public and some specialists. This can result in inappropriate choice of adaptation measures, leading to unnecessary expense. The aim of this article is to point out differences among terms relating to temperature, thermal comfort and thermal stress in urban settings.
KRAJINA BLOVICThe landscape of Blovice, by Klára Salzmann & Ivan Gogolák
As a tool of spatial planing based on a multi-disciplinary approach to solutions, landscape studies are supposed to equalize the concept of ‘free landscape’, which refers to undeveloped territory in the context of built-up territories and developable areas. As all these make up one setting, it is necessary to look for compatible holistic planning solutions that reflect previous spatial planning in the context of environmental challenges. The article comments on the general position of this type of spatial studies within spatial planning and in relation to the landscape as a whole. It reflects the experience of a team of authors who have elaborated the landscape study for Blovice, a municipality with extended powers. Some of these aspects are addressed in the form of recommendations and documents for implementation and other potential procedures.
JAK CHRÁNIT NEZASTAVĚNÉ ÚZEMÍ?How to protect undeveloped territory, by Martin Tunka
Concern for protection of undeveloped territory from gradual absorption by buildings has a long history. It has been addressed in various ways in many legal regulations issued since 1989, including the 1992 Act on Nature and Landscape Protection and the Act on Protection of Agricultural Land, which are both continually amended so that stricter conditions for permanent removal of land from the agricultural fund are applied. Despite this, worries about the expansion of builtup territories are intensifying in the Czech Republic and other European countries. This has much to do with economic growth, urbanization and growing demands for comfort and intensity of construction. It seems that specialized methods of land, water, nature and landscape protection are unable to prevent construction from penetrating land. There is no simple answer to the question of how to protect undeveloped territories from building expansion. The Building Act defines the terms ‘developed territory’ and ‘undeveloped territory’ for the simplification of permit procedures, but ‘undeveloped territory’ cannot be equated with ‘landscape’, for which, in addition, there are two different definitions in legislation. Consensus on what can or cannot be considered landscape is hard to find.
STRATEGIE REGIONÁLNÍHO ROZVOJE ČR 2021+
