ÚVODNÍ SLOVO ÚZEMNÍ ROZVOJ MINULÝCH TŘICETI LETSpatial development in the last thirty years, by Martin Tunka
From within the broader context of seven decades of spatial development, this article is focused on several important issues of territorial transformation over the last thirty years. We have lived in a parliamentary democracy and market economy since 1989, following a period of 40 years of state-controlled progress towards what was called an ”illustrious future“. It is the municipalities and property owners for whom the opportunities and conditions for influencing territorial transformation have changed most significantly. An important question is how, and even whether, territorial transformation should be restricted or encouraged and whether it should have objectives in terms of the common good. This question must be answered by professionals, politicians and (as voters) the public. Matters of protection and development of territorial values have been anchored in Czech legislation as objectives of spatial planning since 1958. They are also mentioned by the 1984 European Charter on Spatial Planning. The question of the lawful control of management of plots necessary for a harmonious balance between individual and common needs was raised as early as 1933, when the Charter of Athens was published. However, the meaning of harmonious balance and the way to achieve it is subject to changing opinions, which depend on traditions as well as regimes.
30 LET PROSTOROVÉHO PLÁNOVÁNÍ V ČESKU: ÚSPĚCHY, PROHRY, KOMPROMISY A NOVÉ VÝZVYThirty years of spatial planning in the Czech Republic: success, failure, compromise and new challenges, by Karel Maier
What developments have there been in spatial planning, regional policy and development strategy in the last thirty years? Although my article does not pretend completeness, I have tried to pinpoint important periods of this era and describe the main changes that have occurred in these periods, both in the external setting of spatial planning and inside its components. I have also aimed to evaluate the role of urban planners at specific stages of these changes. I consider a thirty year anniversary as a reason for critical reflection rather than celebration. This is why I dare criticize, although I avoid addressing specific institutions and persons, as they have always acted under given conditions and, I hope, in good faith. In order to distinguish the periods I classify them as (1) transition from totalitarian society to liberal market economy, (2) transformation during which radical change in society and economics was institutionalized, and (3) stabilization as evidenced by everyday manifestation of results of previous periods in operational practice.
PROMĚNY PLÁNOVÁNÍ A ROZHODOVÁNÍ V ÚZEMÍ V TRANSFORMAČNÍM A POSTTRANSFORMAČNÍM OBDOBÍTransformation in planning and decision-making in territories during the transformation and post-transformation periods, by Martin Ouředníček
Among other consequences, thirty years of freedom and democracy have brought about important changes in planning and decision-making in territories. This article is a critical reflection on the approach to spatial and regional planning and decision-making at local and regional levels during the transformation and post-transformation periods in the Czech Republic.
OHLÉDNUTÍ ZA VÝVOJEM STAVEBNÍ LEGISLATIVY OD ROKU 1989Looking back at developments in building legislation since 1989, by Jan Mareček
Recent developments in building legislation would have deserved a more detailed analysis, but this is a task beyond the scope of this article. The term building legislation, which sounds rather journalistic, is a complex combination of definitions and legal regulations applied during the whole process of building, which consists of preparation, design, authorization and construction under legal rules that are very different from those that obtained before November 1989. Therefore, for the sake of simplicity and based on the author’s own experience, recollections and impressions, this article describes only how the Building Act evolved from basic incentives, progressive alterations and some radical changes to achieve its present form.
30 LET VÝVOJE SÍDELNÍ STRUKTURY V ČESKÉ REPUBLICE A SOUSEDNÍCH REGIONECHThirty years of developments in settlement structures of the Czech Republic and the neighbouring regions, by Milan Körner
Our settlement structure has been stable over a long period and, except for the hierarchized arrangement of centres, its interconnections are relatively stable. These interconnections are partly determined by the borders and administrative divisions of countries. Substantial political, social and economic change took place in the countries of central and eastern Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s. After almost thirty years, it seems that the objective of the slogan Back to Europe, which was important then, has not been fully achieved despite NATO and EU membership. This article deals with recent developments in population centres and changes that have occurred in their interconnection. The Czech Republic, together with the former German Democratic Republic, is situated just to the east of the former Iron Curtain, which makes it a link between “old” and “new” EU members. Federal administration was restored in the territory of the ex-GDR and the programme Deutsche Einheit made it possible for its infrastructure to catch up with that of the West, particularly in terms of transportation. A new approach to economics led to rapid transformation and vast intra-German migration. Saxony is a model territory that connects Germany to the Czech Republic. This article also makes comparisons with other neighbouring centres and regions: Austria and Bavaria underwent important changes in earlier decades and, in some cases, continued to change more dynamically than the Czech Republic after 1990.
KRAJINA A PROCES ÚZEMNÍHO PLÁNOVÁNÍ PO ROCE 1990Developments in the relationship between spatial planning and landscape planning after 1990, by Vladimír Mackovič
Focused on the period of societal transformation after 1990, this article deals with the relation between spatial planning and landscape design. The opening part presents the author’s starting points for his discussion of landscape planning and the potential of spatial planning for landscape design. A crucial part of the article is the chapter Commentary on selected influences on landscape design in the process of spatial planning, which considers three thematic spheres of specific relations with and influence on landscape design. First, the sphere of social context deals with phenomena such as ownership, public interest, public administration and legal setting. Second, the sphere of design deals with atomization, marketing and information technologies as important constituents of planning. The third sphere consists in the relationship between spatial planning and selected attributes of the landscape. In conclusion, the article considers the last thirty years in terms of relation between landscape and spatial planning.
PLZEŇ – 30 LET S ÚZEMNÍMI PLÁNY MĚSTAPilsen: 30 years with the city’s spatial plans, by Irena Králová
Pilsen, the fourth largest city in the Czech Repbulic, has seldom been related to notions such as spatial plan, urban planning, architecture, beauty and attraction. These expressions are usually associated with other cities and towns, some of which are much smaller and less important, while Pilsen has always been a synonym for heavy industry, mainly of the well-known Škoda brand. This may sound pejorative, especially for the era before 1989. It may therefore come as a surprise to many that Pilsen has had a very strong tradition in spatial and urban planning since its earliest days. Thirty years after the Velvet Revolution, following a period in which it was grey, sad and dominated by heavy industry, the city is again a lively, ever-developing, pleasant place in which to live, full of colour and greenery.
SLOVENSKO – NAMIERENÉ NA BUDÚCNOSŤSlovakia: aiming at the future, by Maroš Finka
Not only have 30 years passed since the Slovak Republic started building a new democracy but Slovakia has now enjoyed a successful quarter-century as an independent country. The 30th anniversary of the Velvet Revolution is an opportunity to both look back with the Czech Republic at the three decades that have passed and, more than that, to look ahead in order to realistically as well as ambitiously set the bearings for further development. Despite the turbulence that naturally accompanies the process of forming a state and building a young democracy, Slovakia has become a respected part of the community of countries of western democracy and advanced economies, as evidenced by its membership of the European Union, the Schengen area, the monetary union, the OECD and NATO.
ÚZEMNÉ PREJAVY ROZVOJA SPOLOČNOSTI NA SLOVENSKU PO ROKU 1990Spatial manifestations of the development of Slovak society after 1990, by Vojtech Hrdina
This article aims to identify factors in the development of urbanization and consequences of the behaviour of inhabitants on spatial development after the changes of 1990. Some spatial manifestations of social developments in the last 30 years are outlined and a few connections between this development and inhabitation are highlighted.
BRATISLAVA – MESTO PROTIKLADOVBratislava: a city of discrepancies, by Martina Jakušová
Thanks to its geormorphology, Bratislava was destined to become a beautiful city. Social transformations may have left various scars on its face, but this means that there are exciting challenges ahead which in long developed and industrially urbanized territories of Europe are all in the past. Some say that Bratislava is a city of empty spaces, which may be fortunate, as some of these gaps have a lot of potential for further development. We have the chance to turn (and the responsibility for turning) them into locations, so enhancing the quality of the city. Some are being filled with buildings to not always advantageous effect. How do matters stand with Bratislava’s spatial planning since 1990 and what awaits us in this respect in the near future?
ROZVOJ MĚST VE SVOBODNÉM STÁTĚ SASKO 1989–2019: HODNOCENÍ Z POHLEDU STÁTNÍHO MINISTERSTVA VNITRA SE ZVLÁŠTNÍM ZŘETELEM K OTÁZKÁM STÁTNÍ PODPORYUrban development in the Free State of Saxony, 1989–2019: an assessment by the Ministry of the Interior with special regard to issues of government support, by a team of authors from the Ministry of the Interior of Saxony
This article deals with the development of Saxon towns and cities in the last thirty years as seen from the perspective of spatial planning and spatial arrangement. Ever since the reunification of Germany, the federal government has allocated considerable funds for the development of the five eastern states. Since the beginning of the 1990s, state support has been used by municipalities, businesses and private persons. Nevertheless, in order to build, these entities have to complement this support heavily from their own resources.
ÚZEMNÍ PLÁNOVÁNÍ TŘICET LET PO „REVOLUCI“: ZAMYŠLENÍ PROJEKTANTKY NAD ZMĚNAMI V ÚZEMNÍM PLÁNOVÁNÍ 30 LET ÚZEMNÍHO ROZVOJE – 25 LET ÚÚR, 22 LET ČASOPISU U&ÚRThirty years of spatial development – 25 years of the Institute for Spatial Development; 22 years of the journal Urban Planning and Spatial Development, by Martin Tunka
This article is dedicated to the past, present and significance of the Institute for Spatial Development, an institution that has long focused on spatial development in all its complex contexts, including methodological support, implementation of research and surveys and publication of a specialist journal.
EVIDENCE ÚZEMNĚ PLÁNOVACÍ ČINNOSTI ČR V ČASERecords of spatial planning action in time, by Petr Zelinka
As a body of state administration, the Institute for Spatial Development is entrusted by the Department of Planning of the Ministry for Regional Development to keep records of spatial planning action in accordance with §162 of the Building Act. Record-keeping means collection, processing and publication of data on documents of spatial planning and municipal/regional spatial studies for developable zones larger than 10 hectares, including a description of their use. At present, the Institute provides the spatial planning authorities and Regional Offices with local and regional update systems of remote access for data input and editing (iLAS and iKas).
