SOUVISLOSTI ÚZEMNÍHO ROZVOJE ČESKÝCH ZEMÍ V LETECH 1989–2009The Context of the Spatial Development of Czech Lands in 1989 to 2009, by Martin Tunka
The spatial arrangement and the use of land undergo constant transformations. The purpose of this article is to make a few remarks about spatial development over the last twenty years, hopefully contributing to its evaluation, as based on the assumption that such transformations are supposed to develop the values of land. That was required by the previous Czech Building Act, in vigour in 1976 to 2006, with alike requirement anchored in the European Charter of Physical Planning (also known as the Torremolinos Charter) of 1983, signed by the then West European countries. Evidently, spatial development is largely affected by its political and institutional contexts. The term spatial development of Czech lands refers here to the territory of the present-day Czech Republic as formerly part of its predecessor states.
PROMĚNY VE VYUŽITÍ ÚZEMÍ ČR V POSLEDNÍCH 20 LETECHTransformations of Land Use in the Czech Republic over the Last Two Decades, by Vítězslav Kuta
This contribution comments on the increased requirements for undeveloped property and the transformations of the usage of building lots in the last two decades in the Czech Republic. After an introductory remark, some initiatory arguments for change are mentioned. Basic areas are delimited, with comments on the alterations in the habitation structure of the Czech Republic, changes in urban areas, and changes in rural settlements. Subsequently, changes in urban areas are analyzed as for residential zones, industrial areas, and those for services and transportation. A final review of the situation and some general suggestions conclude the article.
REGIONÁLNÍ POLITIKA A REGIONÁLNÍ ROZVOJ V ČESKÉ REPUBLICERegional Policy and Regional Development in the Czech Republic, by Josef Postránecký
Regional policy in the Czech Republic, especially in the last decade, became part of the government policies and tools contributing to a balanced spatial development and territorial cohesion. Although, on one hand, current trends of the development aim at larger decentralization (growing importance of Regions as administrative units) and, on the other, there is the European dimension (decisive role of the policy of economic and social cohesion through European funds), it is still the state who plays a vital role for the development of the whole system of regional policy. The European and Regional dimensions of the Czech policy of regional development having recently been described in the previous issues of UPSD, the present article aims mainly at the part played by the state in this policy and the basic features of regional development.
METROPOLITNÍ REGIONY A VÝZNAMNÉ AGLOMERACE VE STŘEDNÍ EVROPĚ PO ROCE 1990Central Europe’s Metropolitan Regions and Important Agglomerations after 1990, by Milan Körner
With the Berlin Wall falling at the end of 1989 and the reunification of Germany one year after, there were alike social changes in all of the Central European countries, commencing their political and economic integration into the “Western European” structures. These processes, only somewhat delayed, have had their impact on the development of habitation, too. Yet, except for the new Eastern Bundesländer of Germany, there were no dramatic movements of the population in the last twenty years. This study concentrates on the developments in the Czech Republic and the adjacent regions of the neighbouring countries.
DEMOGRAFICKÉ ZMĚNY A JEJICH ÚZEMNÍ SOUVISLOSTI, POSILOVÁNÍ ČI OSLABOVÁNÍ MĚST, SUBURBÁNNÍ ROZVOJ A JEHO DIFERENCOVANÁ DYNAMIKADemographic Changes and their Spatial Context: Strengthening or Weakening the Position of Cities, Suburban Development and its Differentiated Dynamics, by Jan Müller
Demographic changes in the terminology of spatial development mostly comprise the development of total population numbers (demographic frameworks) and brief comments about the development of population numbers through natural change and migration, and about the impact on the age structure of the population (ageing, mainly). The principal focus of interest is in a more detailed distribution of population as seen from the viewpoint of the habitation structure (settlements and groups of settlements), and its concentration to certain areas and the depopulation of others.
DIFERENCOVANÝ EKONOMICKÝ ROZVOJ V REGIONECH ČR – POTŘEBA MAKROEKONOMICKÝCH INDIKÁTORŮ PRO ŘÍZENÍ V REGIONECHDifferentiated Economic Development in Czech Regions: In Need of Macroeconomic Indicators, by Miloslav Chlad
Within the EU, the regional level of NUTS 2 is predominantly used for regional policies. As the generation process of regional structures in the Czech Republic, implemented in 1997, was not fully coinciding with the recommendations of the European Commission, it was the Regions that became the basis for regional policy, as such not entirely corresponding to European standards. Especially the regional macroeconomic indicators are highly exigent today.
ZMĚNY V DOPRAVNÍCH VAZBÁCH A JEJICH VLIV NA DOPRAVNÍ INFRASTRUKTURUChanges in Transportation Linkages and the Impact on Transportation Infrastructure, by Milan Körner
The social and economic changes after 1990 have had significant impact on the development of the structures of transportation. Administrative obstacles have been removed and border crossing is almost unlimited but by the quality of the infrastructure or, in some places, environmental aspects. Economic structures have also been heavily changed, with increasing orientation on services. Many a production branch has disappeared, being redundant or not competitive. A substantial part of the transportation business is generated by consumption. The subject of this contribution is mainly the changes in the infrastructure and its development as related to Czech Republic’s neighbouring countries. Particular texts describe the changes in road and railway networks in more detail.
ROZVOJ ŽELEZNIČNÍ SÍTĚ ČESKÉ REPUBLIKYCzech Republic’s Railway Network Development, by Pavel Tikman & Martin Vachtl
The overall demands for investments in railway transportation cannot be fully covered even if public and private resources are combined. That is why priorities and preferred directions are being proposed, corresponding to the current needs of passenger and freight transportation within a certain region or country, or Europe. The main objective for the revitalization of railway transportation is therefore a network of renovated tracks which along with new high-speed tracks and some parts of the conventional (AGC, AGTC, TER etc.) network should provide for the best possible passenger and freight transportation in and through the Czech Republic and Central Europe. Yet such network must be originating gradually, according to available investments and the needs of transportation, while the design has to enable future alterations and adaptations in view of the changing requirements for transportation and the lifetime of such network.
VÝVOJ REGIONALIZACE A VLIV INFRASTRUKTUR NA ATRAKTIVITU ÚZEMÍ ČESKÉ REPUBLIKYDevelopments in Regionalization and the Impact of Infrastructures on Land Attractiveness in the Czech Republic, by Karel Maier, Ondřej Mulíček and Daniel Franke
A partial outcome of the WD-40-07-1 POLYREG research task for support of polycentric regional development, this text analyzes the hitherto changes in spatial arrangement and outlines those to be expected. In the opening part, objective changes in the functional regionalization of the Czech Republic at the level of micro-regions are described. Then, land attractiveness is commented on as getting crucially important for spatial development and arrangement under the conditions of market economy and individual choice. Also, changes in land attractiveness are predicted through its modelling as a function of the capacity and accessibility of centres.
JAK CHRÁNIT ZPF ANEB KAM SMĚŘUJE JEHO OCHRANA?How to Protect Agricultural Land Resources, Or What Are the Prospects of Land Protection? by Vladimír Mackovič
The protection of agricultural land resources is in oscillatory motion. One evident deflection was in the 1980’s when the tough centralist approach used a variety of specific tools, while today’s situation deflects in the opposing direction. The society still lacks in a comprehensible, unifying and continuous strategy of land resource protection, including efficient tools and measures. By the majority of the current society, land protection is considered as an obstacle to undertaking, property betterment or development, or perhaps a means for the environmentalists to block investments. Authorities responsible for land resource protection cannot but rely on obsolete regulations from the early 1990’s. So, the necessity to protect agricultural land has to be supported by generally valid definitions, and the extent of protection in specific parts of the country, region or municipality must be newly substantiated and diversified.
PRAVDIVÁ ZPRÁVA O ÚSES: STAV MEZI ŽIVOŘENÍM A PROSPERITOUThe True Story of Territorial Systems of Environmental Stability, by Darek Lacina
Well known in the Czech context, the expression territorial system of environmental stability hardly needs further explanation. Therefore, this article does not comment on its theoretical background or definitions but rather aims at describing the current state of things, with a few inevitable digressions to the history.
VÝVOJ CESTOVNÍHO RUCHU V ČR A JEHO PROSTOROVÉ ORGANIZACE V LETECH 1990–2009The Development of Tourism and its Spatial Organization in the Czech Republic between 1990 and 2009, by Jiří Vystoupil, Josef Kunc, Martin Šauer and Petr Tonev
Tourism and recreation have undergone important changes in the Czech Republic in the last twenty years, both in the social and economic contexts and those of the development of various kinds of supply and demand in tourism. The aim of the opening part of this contribution is to briefly present the most important socio-economic changes in the orientation of our tourism. Following is the main part, analyzing and evaluating the basic developments in the spatial organization of the main types and forms of home and foreign tourism. Significant aspects for the shaping of the functional and spatial organization of tourism and recreation are described as largely affecting land use.
POEVROPŠŤOVÁNÍ ČESKÉHO PLÁNOVÁNÍ?Europeanisation of Czech Planning? by Karel Maier
This text defines the terms of planning and europeanisation. Focusing on two levels of the europeanisation of planning as a continuous process of the last two decades, special attention is devoted to the situation of the Czech Republic. Described is how the country has participated in the European and transnational planning and whether, and how, Czech planning was changing towards what is usually meant by planning in the EU. Concludingly, a generalizing summary attempts to say how much compatible today’s Czech planning is, whether it is now more comprehensible in the European context than it used to be ten or twenty years ago, and to which extent the development of planning in the EU and the Czech Republic keep in touch with each other.
VÝVOJ ÚZEMNĚ PLÁNOVACÍ ČINNOSTI V ČRThe History of Physical Planning in the Czech Republic, by Michal Artim, Zdenka Hladišová, Marek Chmelař
One condition for a nationwide evaluation of the physical planning activities at the level of municipalities and Regions is a uniform registration of the elaboration of physical planning documents and selected physical planning data. This article deals with the history of the coverage of the national territory with physical planning documentation of municipalities and Regions in the last two decades, in terms of the amendments to the 1976 Building Act and the force of the new 2006 Building Act. The outcome of the registration is mainly the continuously updated information as published in the websites of the Institute for Spatial Development through the iLAS and iKAS applications, and an electronic yearbook. The data is classified by Regions and by size categories of settlements. Today there are 14 Regions and 6,250 municipalities in the Czech Republic, of which 88 % had their physical planning documents applicable or under elaboration by 31 December 2009. Five of the Principles of Regional Development were published by the end of 2009.
URBANISTICKÝ VÝVOJ PRAHY ZA POSLEDNÍCH 20 LETThe Urban Development of Prague in the Last Two Decades, by Kateřina Szentesiová
The urban development of Prague over the last twenty years reflects the social transformation taking place after November 1989. During this period, Prague evolved from a rather greyish and sleepy city surrounded by uniform blocks of flats to a favoured world metropolis attracting tourists and business people. Liberty in recent developments of urban planning and architecture can be seen with all its positive and negative impacts. An impartial judgement about this two-decadeperiod will only be possible after a longer interval, but certain stages of spatial development, relating to both legislation and objective influence like that of the society, economy, or nature, can already be traced back now.
ZMENY V OSÍDLENÍ/ÚZEMNÝ ROZVOJ NA SLOVENSKU PO ROKU 1989Habitation Changes and Spatial Development in Slovakia after 1989, by Vojtech Hrdina
The article briefly describes the evolution of some fundamental factors influencing the spatial development and habitation in Slovakia in the last two decades. Such evolution is seen in the context of the previous developments and their relevance for the shaping of habitation. What was happening after 1989 is considered from the viewpoint of the development of specific types of settlements. The article briefly remarks on the questions and symptoms of suburbanization and the job mobility as typical factors of cooperational relations among settlements. Also, the habitation of Slovakia is described in the perspective of the polycentric concept.
